DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Direct speech

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.

For example :

She said,”today’s lesson is on presentations.” Or

“Today’s lesson is on presentations,” she said.

B.Indirect speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),doesn’t use quotation marks to enclpse what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

For example :” I’m going to the cinema”,he said – he said he was going to the cinema.

Tense Change

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech,we are usually talking about a time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell , other command , ask,warn remind

Simple present - Past tenses

Vita said” I eat fried rice” vita said that she ate fried rice

Simple past - Past perfect

Mother said” I went to market yesterday” - mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Simple future - Past future

Dave said” I will buy an i-pod nexk week’ - Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after.

Present continuous - Past continuous

Gama said” I’m playing football” - Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous - Past perfect continuous

She said” I was teaching earlier” - she said she had been teaching earlier

-when report what someone said,don’t usually repeat their exact weords,use our words, we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by”that clause”

example : my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

In time expression and pronouns

Direct speech-----

-now

-today/tonight

-Yesterday

-tomorrow

-last week

-next week

-ago

-this/these

-here

-pronouns

Indirect speech-----

-then

-that day/that night

-the day before/the previous day

-the next/following day

-the previous week

-the following week/the week after

-before

-that/those

-there

-they changes according to the context

Modal verb froms also sometimes change :

Direct speech-----

Will

Can

Must

Shall

May

Indirect speech-----

would

could

had

should

might

Note – there is no change to;could,would,should,might and ought too.

Direct speech

“I might go to the cinema”, he said

Indirect speech

He said he might go to cinema.

DESCRIPTIVE TEKS

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:

▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:

▪ Who? What?

▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪ Attributive (the)

▪ Use of attributive and identifying process

▪ Focus on specific participants

▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.

come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.